Alternatives for Cellulase Production in Submerged Fermentation with Agroindustrial Wastes
Fernanda Miranda Zoppas1, Álvaro Meneguzzi2 , Francine Tramontina3
*(Laboratório de Corrosão, Proteção e Reciclagem de Materiais, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brasil.)
Email: fernandazoppas@gmail.com
**(Laboratório de Corrosão, Proteção e Reciclagem de Materiais, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brasil.)
Email: meneguzzi@ufrgs.br)
***(Universidade Estadual do Rio Grande do Sul, Bento Gonçalves, Brasil
Email: francinetramontina@yahoo.com.br)
ABSTRACT: This article presents a review of the alternatives for cellulase production in submerged fermentation using agroindustrial residues as carbon sources. Among the wastes that are cited, the residue of grapes shows promise for producing these enzymes. The advantages associated with this process refer to the removal of industrial waste from the environment that is associated with the same added value through the production of enzymes.
Keywords: Aspergillus niger. Cellulase. Grape marc. Submerged fermentation
1. Introduction
The southern region of Brazil stands out in the wine industry by volume and quality of wines. As a consequence of this economic activity, grape residues are produced in large quantity per year. These residues are rich in cellulose and can be reused as a carbon source for several processes, including the production of enzymes.
Cellulases are enzymes that form a complex capable of acting on the cellulose and promote its hydrolysis. These enzymes are commonly used in various areas of industry, including food, beer and wine, agriculture, paper, textiles, detergent and animal feed, is also an alternative for generating energy. This paper presents a review of alternatives for production of cellulases in submerged fermentation using agroindustrial residues as carbon source, emphasizing the grape waste.
1.1. Lignocellulosic Materials, Agroindustrial Wastes
Lignocellulosic materials are the most abundant organic compounds in the biosphere, representing 50% of terrestrial biomass [1], which corresponds mainly by agribusiness materials, the urban waste, and the wood of angiosperms and gymnosperms [2].
According to Castro and Pereira Jr. (2010) [2], the lignocellulosic biomass is composed of three main polymer fractions: lignin, hemicellulose, and cellulose, which are joined to each other by covalent bonds, forming a complex network resistant to microbial attacks.
The cellulose from natural materials is the world’s most abundant biopolymer that is formed by residues of β-D-glucose bound together by β-1,4, bonds, and it maintains a linear and flat structure; cellobiose (Fig. 1, adapted of BON, et al., 2008), the disaccharide 4-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-D-glucopyranose, is the repeating unit of the polymer [3] that can be hydrolyzed to glucose with the help of acids. The microbial degradation of cellulose is total and specific and has encouraged the use of cellulolytic fermentation processes by man. In nature, these processes represent the largest source of carbon to the soil [4].
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2. Conclusions
It is possible to produce cellulases from agroindustrial residues as the residue of grapes, but larger studies are needed in order to quantify these enzymes, their separation, and the optimization of the production process, so that they could be later used in a pilot-scale production of the same or at even an industrial scale.
With regard to the environmental question, one should always stress the importance of removing the residual of the environment and adding value to it, so that industries in various sectors such as food, textiles, and beverages could later take advantage of this proposal through the use of cellulases that are obtained from grape residue. For this to happen, further studies are needed for the purification of enzymes and their marketing, so that regional demands are met by these enzymes.
3. Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge the support rendered by the Universidade Estadual do Rio Grande do Sul, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, and CNPq.
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